1) A    –  ds-DNA in lupus is associated with disease activity (increased in active ongoing lupus nephritis)

2)  C  – HSP is associated with IgA deposition in mesangium. Note the fleeting type of symptoms, which is classic for HSP  a) Intermittent abdominal pain

b) Migratory polyarthritis

c) Waxing and Waning palpable purpuric rash

IgA nephropathy is a primary renal disease secondary to under galactosylated IgA and subsequent IgG orIgA1 antibody against the abnormal IgA with deposition of antigen + antibody complex in the mesangium. HSP is a systemic vasculitis !

3) B – MPO ANCA vasculitis with GPA presentation! Given the RPGN picture, cytoxan and glucocoticoids is the right answer. However, if this question is framed as a very mild case of MPO ANCA associated GPA, rituximab with glucocorticoids is the answer.(RITUXVAS)

4) C – APSGN.  Low C3 and normal C4 indicated alternate complement pathway activation(strep infection classically leads to alternate complement activation). You dont expect C1q, C4 in the biopsy !

5) A – Anti-GBM disease

 

6) D -C3 glomerulopathy. Uninhibited alternate complement pathway activation by the deficiency of complement regulatory factors! In this case factor H related proteins!

 

Yuvaraj

1) Should be able to identify stone – hypoechoic shadow is a clue

2) Should be able to identify ADPKD, Aquired cystic disease of dialysis (history will be helpful), Benign cyst and RCC  – Understanding Bosniak classification of cyst is helpful for diagnosis

3) Irregular margin and contrast enhancing cyst is RCC

4) US screening for Renal artery stenosis –  RA/A >3.5/1

RA velocity>2mps

It is also useful to understand the downstream waveform in the lobar and lobular arteries- Tardus parvus waveform and loss of ESP(early systolic peak) notch suggests significant RAS

5) Should be able to identify hydronephrosis

6) RI in normal kidney is<75 and Transplant kidney is<80  . RI is systolic/systolic +diastolic flow. RI of1 indicates no diastolic flow.

7) Granulomatous pyelonephritis – easily identified. Needs nephrectomy!

8) Non contrast CT stone protocol has 98%PPV and 98%NPV

9) Calcification – Medullary calcification and cortical calcification is easily recognized by location. Irregular bilateral asymmetric medullary calcification is usually Medullary sponge kidney

10) In post transplant kidney – elevated RI and Elevated Peak systolic velocity in Renal artery >300 cm/sec doen not indicate stenosis and it should normalize within 72 hours of transplant.

 

These are some of the high yield points in imaging. Please tag other points you may consider worthwhile revising or for understanding.(tag to this post)

Yuvaraj

Good morning everybody!

We are rejuvenating the blog site with vigor ! I thought we should start a blog discussion on board exam to help us prepare for the BOARDS.

The point of discussion should be precise and board oriented. We could also discuss answers to some of the board type questions.

Yuvaraj